SS-31 peptide provides several benefits by targeting mitochondrial function, primarily through its binding to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which stabilizes the electron transport chain and enhances oxidative phosphorylation.
 This leads to increased ATP production, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and improved mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in enhanced cellular energy output and protection against oxidative stress.
 The peptide has demonstrated protective effects in various tissues, including improved endurance and recovery in skeletal muscle, enhanced cognitive function in models of neuroinflammation, and renal protection in animal models of acute and chronic kidney injury.
 Additionally, SS-31 exhibits anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic properties by inhibiting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and reducing cytochrome c release, which may support heart, brain, and kidney health under stress conditions.